Rogue Trader Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Rogue Trader - Research Paper Example Moreover because of the high popularity of Leeson, the Bank allowed him to make his own trade settlement, which is highly unauthorized and risky in terms that the risk limit of loss is violated and the bank, has to pay margin money on a continuous basis to make up for the loss involved. Moreover the negligence of the Barings Bank management and huge dependence on Leeson caused the bank a huge loss of $1.7 billion (Krawiec, 23-26; Rogue Trader). The internal control mechanism of the Barings  bank was completely inefficient. It could be viewed by the fact that the Government body of the organization did not set any fixed limit for the position taking like position in intraday, in overnight position. Moreover the salary of the top management official were linked excessively to the speculated profit which promoted the top management official under the guidance of Leeson to take excessive position in derivative trades even risking the loss limits when led to huge losses incurred. Moreover the absence of any formal internal audit system allowed the bank to take unauthorized path of settling the huge loss in the error account (Rogue Trader). Thus there is a complete setback in the ethical standards of the bank, as the bank was more tied to the greed of the top officials putting on a huge risk for the bank as well as for its customers. The risk assessment mechanism of the bank was highly inefficient. The movie Rogue Trader shows that there was no proper outline of the risk assessment mechanism in the Barings  bank. The top officials did not set any limit about the risk tolerance level of the bank. Moreover positions taken by the officials in risky derivative trading under Leeson and drainage of money for making up for the margin calls promoted huge financial losses. Without proper internal audit system in place the reported loss was

Marijuana in the Past and Present :: Free Essays Online

Marijuana in the Past and Present    Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis, it may be smoked or eaten for its hallucinogenic and pleasure-giving effects. Marijuana has not been proven to be physically addicting but, psychological dependence can develop.    Many users describe two phases of marijuana intoxication. During the first level the user will experience lightheadedness; next the user will experience peacefulness in the mind. Mood changes are often accompanied by altered perceptions of time. A person will think that hours have gone by, but in reality only minutes have passed. The thinking process usually becomes disrupted by incongruous ideas, images, and memories. Many users report an increase in appetite, heightened sensory awareness, and various hallucinogenic pleasures. The negative side effects include confusion, panic, anxiety attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness, and loss of self-control.    In the United States there were a number of successful efforts, especially in the 1970s, to reduce criminal penalties for possession and use of marijuana, but many of the resulting laws have since been modified or repealed. The smoking of marijuana is so casually taken for granted in much of our culture that many people assume that a marijuana offense these days will rarely lead to a prison term. The fact is that there are more people in prison today for violating marijuana laws than at any other time in the nation's history. Data provided by the Bureau of Prisons and the United States Sentencing Commission suggest that one of every six inmates in the federal prison system has been locked up for a marijuana offense. The number currently being held in state prisons and local jails is more difficult to estimate; an estimated guess would be an additional 20,000 to 30,000. A dozen or more marijuana offenders may now be serving life sentences in federal penitentiaries without hope of paro le. The number of prisoners condemned to die in prison may reach into the hundreds if you include middle-aged inmates with sentences greater than twenty years. Other inmates are serving life terms in state prisons across the country for growing, selling, or even possessing marijuana.    The vigorous enforcement of marijuana laws has resulted in four million arrests since the early 1980s. Due to mandatory-minimum sentences, many of those convicted are receiving stiff prison terms; even as violent criminals are released for lack of space.

Paleoneurology and the evolution of mind

What is â€Å" intelligence † ? What is â€Å" biologically programmed behaviour † ? How make these behavioral forms associate to other facets of the biological science of the animate beings that possess them, and to their generative biological science in peculiar? How does intelligence associate to learned behaviour and more specifically, to human civilization? â€Å" Biologically programmed behaviour ‘ explains most, but non all, non-mammal craniate behaviour. Early surveies of non-mammal craniates characterized behavior as â€Å" replete † -a term that suggested that such behaviours are fixed and changeless. Later surveies documented both a grade of flexibleness and the ability to larn new behavioural forms by non-mammal craniates. Such surveies have besides shown that mammals, in general, have a greater repertory of erudite behaviours than earlier craniates. â€Å" Biologically programmed behavior † is, hence, better understood as a scope of programmed behaviours which have increased unusually with the development of the mammal biological composite. The neurological footing for learned behaviour and intelligence are, in big portion, due to alterations in the generative system. Internal fertilisation foremost occurred in the development of reptilians. In the development of placental mammals, there was non merely internal fertilisation, but besides embryological development in utereo. Such a generative system provides a footing for the animate being to turn into a developed province before holding to confront the external universe. Placentation, a female parent ‘s ability to provide foods and O to a developing embryo, is non without disadvantages ; in animate beings such as the higher Primatess, the female parent ‘s blood watercourse and the developing embryo blood watercourse have a close connexion with the placenta. In many placental mammals, there is a instead non-porous membrane, which separates the maternal blood stream from the embryologic blood stream, while leting foods to go through. If there is major mutant i n the embryo, which is reflected in the embryologic blood watercourse, the female parent ‘s blood stream will non interact with the mutant and will non bring forth antibodies, which would kill the embryo. In the higher Primatess, this membrane is much more permeable and much more efficient in the transmittal of foods. A disadvantage is that any major embryologic mutant, which is reflected in the embryologic blood stream, will bring forth antibodies against the mutant ; this usually consequences in self-generated abortion or abortion. Uterine development has helped mammals insure the greater success of their progeny. The mammalian endurance scheme is known as the â€Å" K scheme, † and it is based upon a high parental investing in specie endurance. Fostering a smaller figure of offspring ensures a higher per centum of those offspring will make generative adulthood. A decrease in birth figure is associated with birth of unrecorded immature in most mammals. This scheme is different from the craniate â€Å" R scheme, † where the parent produces a big figure of eggs, which when fertilized produce a big figure of immature. The difference in these two endurance schemes can be supported by the different attitudes toward decease. In worlds ( and other mammals ) decease of immature mammals is a serious injury ; in vertebrates the decease of a hatchling is the regulation of nature, and endurance is the exclusion. The stimulation -response cringle characterizes much of the behaviour of earlier craniates. A centripetal input comes into the craniate encephalon, which is linked to a stereotype motor end product. A celebrated illustration of â€Å" biologically programmed behaviour † is the generative behaviour of the three-spined Stickleback of the Rhine/North Sea. An external event triggers a series of biologically linked behaviours, which consequences in successful reproduction. As spring occurs in North Sea, there is more daylight. This stimulates the pineal secretory organ of the female, which, in bend, signals the hypothalamus, which produces a neurotransmitting chemical to the pituitary secretory organ. This in bend consequences in the secernment of pituitary endocrines, which stimulates the ovaries to bring forth 1000s of eggs. This gives the female a swollen belly and is a â€Å" mark stimulation † to the male prickleback. In response, the male does a â€Å" zigzag dance, à ¢â‚¬  which is referred to as a â€Å" fixed action form. † The dance, in bend, acts as a mark stimulation to the female, who follows the male to the nest, and through an extra series of gestural stimulations and fixed action forms, moves through the nest to lodge the eggs. The male so passes over the eggs with sperm. Natural choice favours the keeping of these neurological tracts in the males and females because they successfully function to bring forth fertilisation ; to set it the other manner, if a female has a neurological alteration where she would non acknowledge the zigzag dance, she will non be able to reproduce. In a series of experiments, Tinbergen and his pupils were able to demo that the conceited abdomen of the female prickleback is the originating mark stimulation. Raising male prickleback in entire isolation, they introduced them into the H2O with both populating females every bit good as with metal lineations of females with conceited abdomens. Regardless ( and even when the lineation of the female was grossly distorted ) , the males produced the zigzag dance. It was â€Å" hardwired † in their nature. Individual animate beings, hence, have small direct input in altering behavioural sequences. Once the female has laid her eggs, and they have been fertilized, that represents the terminal of parental investing. It is non difficult to see how clime or other alteration can quickly stop an full species that relies on biologically programmed behaviour for reproduction. The absence of daytime for a individual spring in the North Sea would intend the terminal of prickleback reproduction. Young mammals are born incapacitated and dependent, and they go through a drawn-out babyhood and young person of fostering wholly dependent on grownup coevals. Because the parental investing of mammals is the attention of really little figure of offspring, the duty falls chiefly on females. There was besides an development of mammary secretory organs for this postal nurturing period. During this clip of weakness, the animate being has the freedom to detect the universe, while being feed and protected. This generative system of mammals, hence, allows the mammal intellectual cerebral mantle to integrate and internalise the sensory patterns the animate being has experienced. The animate being is utilizing intelligence -the â€Å" ability to build a perceptual theoretical account of the universe inside your caput † ( Jerison ) . The mammal encephalon has developed into a construction, which provided the footing for both learned behaviour and intelligence. The function of the encephalon is to enforce a theoretical account of the universe on centripetal informations, and supply appropriate responses to it. This is non an wholly new development ; it represents an development of the intellectual cerebral mantle as a go-between between perceptual experience and response ( motor end product ) , and the integrating of input from an acute auditory sensory system. Learned behaviour and intelligence are non the same. Learned behaviour is the ability of an animate being to screen through a assortment of possible behavioural results, and choice which behaviour is appropriate. When driving a auto, for illustration, an person has to pick when it is appropriate to turn right at a ruddy visible radiation. Learned behaviour is portion of the mammal form, but it is differentially distributed ; worlds have an tremendous ability for erudite behaviour, compared to the limited degrees of other mammals. The cardinal account is the intellectual cerebral mantle. Choice behaviour is located in the frontal lobe. Worlds have the greatest ability to detect, compose, and internalise many complicated theoretical accounts of the encompassing universe. Intelligence and learned behaviour are necessary for worlds to keep a societal world over the long-run. In the words of Ward Goodenough, â€Å" civilization is the criterions of behaviour learned and understood by members of a society. Not all members of the society learn the same set or scope of criterions, and this distinguishes the rank is a assorted sub-groups of the society. † The ability of mammal immature, during socialisation, to larn the behaviours appropriate for endurance in their environment and in cooperation within societal groups, is basically the ability to obtain civilization. This ability distinguishes these mammals from the â€Å" difficult wired † biologically programmed behaviour of non-mammals. There are many mammals that are lone ( i.e. a cat ) , and they do hold learned behaviours, which they obtained during the dependence period. Social mammals, nevertheless, have the exact criterions of erudite behaviours. Culture is, hence, the composite that allows worlds to keep societal world over the long-run. This is non specific to worlds, nevertheless, because all societal mammals trade with the issues of communal life. During babyhood, the kid observes the universe around him/her and internalizes the behaviours of grownups. Children in societal groups so play together, because drama is the pattern of grownup behaviours. Human civilization, in the words of Ralph Holloway, is defined as the â€Å" infliction of arbitrary signifier on the environment. † Rock tools, for illustration, are iconic, because they are of arbitrary form. The mental ability to enforce this form on the environment is a consequence of the development of the intellectual cerebral mantle. Such neurological alterations would non hold been possible without alterations in the mammalian reproductive system.Mentions:Goodenough, Ward H. â€Å" Culture. † Blackboard. Web.Holloway, Ralph L. â€Å" Human palaeontological grounds relevant to linguistic communication behaviour. † Blackboard. Web.Jerison, Henry J. â€Å" Paleoneurology and the Evolution of Mind. † Blackboard. Web.Mann, Alan. â€Å" The Brain, Power Point Presentations 1 and 2. † Lecture.

The Cahnging Role and Status of the Artist 1300-1600

The Changing Role and Status of the Artist 1300 – 1600 To explore the changing role and status of the artist during the period 1300 – 1600 we have first to look at the period of time prior to this. For a thousand years before, Rome had ruled most of Europe, bringing new developments in technology, education and government, but after Rome fell to invaders in 542 CE, Western Europe became stagnant, a period we now term as the Middle Ages. Ordinary people did not venture far from their hamlets. Local lords ruled with fear and intimidation. Learning took place only in religious houses, and generations grew up ignorant, illiterate, and superstitious of outsiders. Artists and merchants during this time formed organisations called†¦show more content†¦His previous interest and work in mathematics and geometry obviously helped in his study of perspective and his contemplative approach to his paintings is apparent in all his works. Caterina van Hemessen (1528-until after1587) was a Flemish painter. As with many Renaissance female painters, she was the daughter of a painter, Jan Sanders van Hemesson (c. 1500-after 1563), and he was probably her teacher. She is the earliest female Flemish painter for whom there are verifiable works still existing. In the late Renaissance the training of artists began to move from the workshops and to the Academy and women began a long struggle to be able to access this training. To study the human form required working from male nudes and corpses, and women were generally thought to be too sensitive and were barred from this type of training. Her success is marked by her good standing in the Guild of Saint Luke, and her eventual position as teacher to three male students. Her patron in the 1540’s was Maria, Queen of Hungary. In 1554, she married Christian (or Chrà ©tien) de Morien, an organist at the cathedral in Antwerp, which was at that time an important position. In 1556, when the Queen of Hungary resigned her position Caterina and her husband also moved to Spain, on invitation of her patron, to Spain. Two years later, when Maria died, Caterina was given a sizeable pension for life. She